Verfassungsbeschwerde gegen die automatisierte Abfrage von Passbildern durch Polizei und Geheimdienste
Die Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte e.V. (GFF) hat beim Bundesverfassungsgericht in Karlsruhe eine Verfassungsbeschwerde gegen die Befugnis diverser Sicherheitsbehörden und Nachrichtendienste erhoben, automatisiert biometrische Passbilder abzurufen. Unter den Beschwerdeführer*innen sind die Berliner Rechtsanwältin und ehemalige Bundestagsabgeordnete der Partei Die Linke, Halina Wawzyniak, zwei Redakteure von netzpolitik.org, Markus Beckedahl und Andre Meister, sowie der Göttinger Rechtsanwalt Sven Adam.
Die Verfassungsbeschwerde richtet sich gegen die Möglichkeit der Polizeibehörden und Nachrichtendienste des Bundes und der Länder sowie weiterer Behörden, bei Personalausweis- und Passbehörden automatisiert biometrische Lichtbilder abzurufen. Biometrische Lichtbilder können z.B. der Gesichtserkennung durch intelligente Kamerasysteme oder dem Abgleich mit anderen Datenbanken dienen. Ein automatisierter Lichtbildabruf war bis zur Neuregelung durch das Gesetz zur Förderung des elektronischen Identitätsnachweises vom 07.07.201 nur zum Zwecke der Strafverfolgung und nur dann automatisiert möglich, wenn die Personalausweis- oder Passbehörde auf andere Weise nicht erreichbar war und ein weiteres Abwarten den Ermittlungszweck gefährdet hätte.
Beide Einschränkungen sind durch die Neuregelung entfallen. Die Verfassungsbeschwerde richtet sich daher gegen § 25 Abs. 2 S. 4, 5, 7 und 9 Personalausweisgesetz sowie gegen § 22a Abs. 2 S. 5, 6, 8 und 10 Passgesetz, jeweils in der Fassung des Gesetzes zur Förderung des elektronischen Identitätsnachweises vom 07.07.2017.
Der automatisierte Lichtbildabruf muss nun nicht mehr der Strafverfolgung dienen, sondern nur der „Erfüllung der Aufgaben“ der ermächtigten Behörden; zu letzteren gehören nunmehr auch der Bundesnachrichtendienst, die Verfassungsschutzbehörden des Bundes und der Länder sowie der Militärische Abschirmdienst mit ihren jeweils sehr weitgefassten Aufgabenbereichen. Biometrische Passbilder sind sehr sensible Daten, die allenfalls zur Verfolgung oder Verhinderung ganz konkreter Straftaten zur Verfügung gestellt werden sollten“, sagt Dr. Bijan Moini, Rechtsanwalt und juristischer Mitarbeiter der Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte. „Dass die Nachrichtendienste und andere Behörden nunmehr ohne konkreten Verdacht Passbilder von jedermann abrufen und verarbeiten dürfen, ist völlig unverhältnismäßig und in dieser Form neu“, so Moini weiter.
Die Beschwerdeführer*innen heben in ihrer Beschwerdeschrift hervor, dass jeder Deutsche über 16 Jahre der Personalausweisbehörde biometrische Lichtbilder zur Verfügung stellen müsse, dass also niemand ihre Speicherung vermeiden könne. Es sei nicht hinnehmbar, dass diese Daten von diversen Stellen zu nicht näher bestimmten Zwecken abgerufen und verarbeitet, ggf. sogar an ausländische Dienste weitergegeben werden dürften. „Die neuen Befugnisse kommen einem informationellen Kontrollverlust gleich“, ergänzt Moini. „Es ist auch nicht ausgeschlossen, dass entgegen der Gesetzeslage an anderer Stelle nunmehr doch eine bundesweite Datenbank biometrischer Merkmale entsteht.“
Weiter bemängeln die Beschwerdeführer*innen, dass für eine Vollautomatisierung des Verfahrens kein Anlass bestanden habe. Das bisherige Verfahren unter Beteiligung der Personalausweis- und Passbehörden habe ausgereicht. Auch werde der automatisierte Abruf nicht hinreichend beaufsichtigt und bestünden keine wirksamen Auskunftsrechte für die Betroffenen.
Quelle: Pressemitteilung der GFF vom 1.07.2018
Die Beschwerdeschrift finden Sie hier.
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